Desistance Free Essays

string(46) were survivors of their own absence of insight). Criminology Criminal Justice  © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks New Delhi) and the British Society of Criminology. www. sagepublications. We will compose a custom exposition test on Desistance or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now com ISSN 1748â€8958; Vol: 6(1): 39â€62 DOI: 10. 1177/1748895806060666 A desistance worldview for wrongdoer the board FERGUS McNEILL Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, UK Abstract In an in? uential article distributed in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the selection of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their contention laid on a cautious and considered examination not just of exact proof about the incapability of rehabilitative treatment yet in addition of hypothetical, good and philosophical inquiries regarding such intercessions. By 1994, rising proof about the potential adequacy of some mediation programs was suf? cient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to propose signi? cant modifications to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is contended that an alternate however similarly applicable type of exact evidenceâ€that got from desistance studiesâ€suggests a need to rethink these prior ideal models for probation practice. This reexamination is likewise required by the way that such investigations empower us to comprehend and speculate both desistance itself and the job that reformatory experts may play in supporting it. At last, these observational and hypothetical bits of knowledge drive us back to the mind boggling interfaces among specialized and moral inquiries that distracted Bottoms and McWilliams and that should include all the more conspicuously in contemporary discussions about the fates of ‘offender management’ and of our punitive frameworks. Catchphrases desistance †¢ viability †¢ morals †¢ guilty party the board †¢ nontreatment worldview †¢ probation 39 40 Criminology Criminal Justice 6(1) Introduction Basic investigators of the historical backdrop of thoughts in the probation administration have diagrammed the different recreations of probation practice that have went with changes in reformatory hypotheses, strategies and sensibilities. Most broadly, McWilliams (1983, 1985, 1986, 1987) portrayed the changes of probation from an evangelist try that planned to spare spirits, to a professionalized try that intended to ‘cure’ irritating through rehabilitative treatment, to a sober minded undertaking that meant to give options in contrast to guardianship and functional assistance for wrongdoers (see likewise Vanstone, 2004). Later pundits have recommended later changes of probation practice related ? rst to its reworking, in England and Wales, as ‘punishment in the community’ and afterward to its expanding center around hazard the board and open insurance (Robinson and McNeill, 2004). In every one of these periods of probation history, experts, scholastics and different analysts have tried to explain new ideal models for probation practice. In spite of the fact that a great part of the discussion about the benefits of these ideal models has concentrated on experimental inquiries regarding the ef? acy of various ways to deal with the treatment and the board of guilty parties, probation ideal models likewise re? ect, verifiably or unequivocally, advancements both in the way of thinking and in the human science of discipline. The inceptions of this article are comparable in that the underlying stimulus for the advancement of a desistance worldview for ‘offender management’1 rose up out of surveys of desistance investigate (McNeill, 2003) and, more speci? cally, from the ? ndings of some especially significant ongoing investigations (Burnett, 1992; Rex, 1999; Maruna, 2001; Farrall, 2002). Nonetheless, closer assessment of certain parts of the desistance inquire about additionally proposes a regulating case for another worldview; to be sure, a portion of the observational proof appears to make a need out of certain ‘practice virtues’. That these ideals are apparently in decay because of the fore-fronting of hazard and open insurance in contemporary criminal equity serves to make the improvement of the case for a desistance worldview both convenient and essential. Keeping that in mind, the structure of this article is as per the following. It starts with outlines of two significant ideal models for probation practiceâ€the ‘nontreatment paradigm’ (Bottoms and McWilliams, 1979) and the ‘revised paradigm’ (Raynor and Vanstone, 1994). The article at that point continues with an investigation of the developing hypothetical and experimental case for a desistance worldview. This area draws not just on the ? ndings of desistance concentrates yet in addition on ongoing investigations of the adequacy of various ways to deal with making sure about ‘personal change’ when all is said in done and on late improvements in the ‘what works’ writing specifically. The moral case for a desistance worldview is then best in class not just in the light of the experimental proof about the pragmatic need of specific methods of moral practice, yet in addition in the light of improvements in the way of thinking of discipline, most remarkably the thoughts related with crafted by the ‘new rehabilitationists’ (Lewis, 2005) and with Anthony Duff’s ‘penal communications’ hypothesis (Duff, McNeillâ€A desistance worldview for wrongdoer the board 2001, 2003). In the finishing up conversation, I attempt to portray out a portion of the parameters of a desistance worldview, however this is planned more as an endeavor to animate discussion about its advancement as opposed to de? ne completely its highlights. 41 Changing ideal models for probation work on Writing toward the finish of the 1970s, Bottoms and McWilliams proclaimed the requirement for another worldview for probation practice, a worldview that ‘is hypothetically thorough, which pays attention to the constraints of the treatment model; however which tries to divert the probation service’s conventional points and qualities in the new correctional and social context’ (1979: 167). Bottoms and McWilliams proposed their worldview against the setting of a predominant view that treatment had been disparaged both exactly and morally. In spite of the fact that they didn't survey the experimental case in any incredible detail, they allude to a few examinations (Lipton et al. , 1975; Brody, 1976; Greenberg, 1976) as building up the wide end that ‘dramatic reformative outcomes are difficult to find and are normally absent’ (Bottoms and McWilliams, 1979: 160). They additionally focused on the hypothetical insufficiencies of the treatment model, taking note of a few ? aws in the similarity between probation mediations and clinical treatment; ? st, wrongdoing is willful though most infections are not; second, wrongdoing isn't neurotic in any clear sense; and third, singular treatment models disregard the social reasons for wrongdoing. More terrible despite everything, disregard of these ? aws delivered moral issues; they contended that over-con? dence in the possibilities for affecting change through treatment had allowed its backers both to force guilty parties into mediations (in light of the fact that the treatment supplier was a specialist who knew best) and to overlook offenders’ perspectives on their own circumstances (since wrongdoers were survivors of their own absence of knowledge). You read Desistance in class Exposition models Maybe most guilefully of all, inside this philosophy pressured treatment could be justi? ed in offenders’ own eventual benefits. Bottoms and McWilliams additionally observed a significant ‘implicit con? ict between the determinism suggested in analysis and treatment and the as often as possible focused on casework rule of customer selfdetermination’ (1979: 166). In what manner would offenders be able to be at the same time the items on whom mental, physical and social powers work (as the term finding suggests) and the creators of their own fates (as the standard of self-assurance requires)? Bottoms and McWilliams’ trust was that by uncovering the shortcomings of the treatment worldview, they would take into account a renaissance of the probation service’s conventional guiding principle of expectation and regard for people. They recommended that the four essential points of the administration ‘are and have been: 1 2 3 4 The arrangement of proper assistance for guilty parties The legal management of wrongdoers Diverting suitable guilty parties from custodial sentences The decrease of crime’ (1979: 168). 42 Criminology Criminal Justice 6(1) It is their conversation of the ? rst and second of these goals that is generally applicable to the conversation here. In any case, it is significant ? rst that, for Bottoms and McWilliams, the issue with the treatment model was that it accepted that the fourth goal must be accomplished through the quest for the ? rst three; a presumption that they proposed couldn't be continued exactly. 2 as to the arrangement of help instead of treatment, Bottoms and McWilliams dismissed the ‘objecti? cation’ of guilty parties suggested in the ‘casework relationship’, wherein the wrongdoer turns into an item to be dealt with, relieved or oversaw in and through social approach and expert practice. One outcome of this objecti? ation, they proposed, is that the definition of treatment plans rests with the master; the methodology is basically ‘of? cer-centred’. Bottoms and McWilliams (1979: 173) proposed, by method of complexity, that in the non-treatment worldview: (a) Treatment (b) Diagnosis (c) Client’s Dependent Need as the reason for social work activity becomes Help S hared Assessment Collaboratively De? ned Task as the reason for social work activity In this detailing, ‘help’ incorporates yet isn't restricted to material assistance; probation may keep on tending to passionate or mental dif? ulties, yet this is not, at this point its raison d’etre. Basic

Early Theory Example

Early Theory Example Early Theory †Term Paper Example Feeling hypothesis I think the hypothesis of Jamesâ€Lange hypothesis is most likely the most popular of all speculations of feeling, if for no other explanation than that it has produced a contention that has spread from the nineteenth to the 21st century. Maybe due to this it has additionally acted heuristically and animated different speculations and much research (Cannon 106). He portrayed, appropriately, the ordinary method of conjecturing about these feelings as being:we intellectually see somethingThis produces a psychological influence emotionThis creates some real expression. James contended that the substantial changes follow legitimately the view of the current actuality, and that our sentiment of indistinguishable changes from they happen IS the feeling. For example, regarding the ordinary hypothesis, as opposed to confront some open exhibition to which we are unused now we become restless and afterward have butterflies in the stomach, tremble, stammer, etc. In Jamesâ⠂¬â„¢s terms we face the open execution, have butterflies, tremble, falter, and therefore feel on edge (Cannon 109). James was making an understood volte-face on past idea, the guts of his hypothesis relying upon the view that the instinctive releases related with some outer circumstance really lead to the feeling as we probably am aware and experience it. Backing for this hypothesis depended to a great extent on reflection. The contention can be diminished to a couple of central matters. James affirmed that any sensation has amazingly complex physiological appearances and that these are totally felt, some clearly, some more indefinitely. We envision some compelling feeling and afterward attempt to push from cognizance all sentiments of the real manifestations related with it (Cannon 115). On the off chance that we do this effectively, at that point in James’s terms there will be not much; the feeling will be no more. He refered to numerous instances of how ordinary circumsta nces lead to these intricate, solid real sentiments (seeing a kid peering over the edge of a bluff, for instance) and contended that his case is upheld by how effectively we can group both typical and irregular conduct as indicated by substantial symptoms. In end, this hypothesis contends that afferent criticism from upset organs creates the inclination part of feeling. Any cortical action that originates from this input is simply the feeling. It ought to be recalled that James not just underscored the job of the viscera in feeling yet in addition gave a comparative job to the intentional muscles. This laid the foundation for a quest for substantial examples in feeling and for speculations that pressure the importance of outward appearance in emotion.Work CitedCannon, Walter. The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and a Alternative Theory. The American Journal of Psychology 1997 (39): 106â€124.

The western Way of War2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The western Way of War2 - Essay Example The advancements they utilized were embraced from the eastern nations. Consequently the vast majority of the advancements were not Western developments. Any new developments were trailed by practically the various nations. Western nations were not prepared to acknowledge and follow the new innovation. (Geoffrey 2005). They stayed reluctant to explore any kind of innovation. Innovation was by all account not the only rules that choose the achievement of war. Rather different components like monetary force and war plans were the significant viewpoint that chooses the war’s achievement. The following standard of Western method of war was to keep up appropriate control among the warriors in the military. Control was given more noticeable quality than religion. The officers were prepared to co-work and work as a group. The military was shaped with the individuals who lived in the equivalent area(book). The pioneers for such military groups were the pioneers from their territory. During the sixteenth century rally were completed to select individuals for the military. In nations like Greece the ordinary individuals like ranchers were likewise a piece of the military routine. In spite of the fact that military individuals were increasingly trained, it was not made sure about. Innovation and control alone didn't choose the destiny of the war. The war needed to have a dream which helped them to battle against their foe. Strict requirements were not the central factor and it didn't meddle in the achievement of the war. Achievement was chosen just when the foe was completel y vanquished. (Geoffrey 2005).This was not polished in different nations. The primary points of this war were to gather individuals who were utilized as slaves. These slaves were utilized to secure merchandise from the harbor and to help them in other neighborhood work. The vast majority of the nations depended on discipline and mechanical angles. Western nations varied from them in this standard. They had the capacity to change and safeguard the practices they have followed. Nations in the West had the ability to adjust to these changes. This

The Day I Almost Lost My Father :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Day I Almost Lost My Father One day amidst summer, my companion Mike and I got off from a hard day of work and were headed to the shopping center. While at work we had wanted to meet a couple of individuals there. I would have been seeing my companion Jessica who I had not conversed with in years. Prior to leaving, we visited our homes, washed up, and prepared. As I tensely looked out for the steps for his vehicle to fold into the carport, my mother stated, â€Å"Be cautious and don't drive like an idiot.† I clearly said okay and she was on her way. Minutes after the fact I see my companion Mike maneuver into the carport. I slipped my feet into my point of view and got in his vehicle. We were nearly to the shopping center when his telephone rang. He got it and stated, â€Å"Hello?† It was my mother and she needed to address me. After putting the telephone to my ear she revealed to me that I needed to get back home immediately. She said that my father had quite recently gotten into a fender bender and that I needed to get back home and watch my sister. I didn't have the foggiest idea how to break the news to Mike, that what we were foreseeing throughout the day would not occur. He was vexed, however he comprehended what was happening. I got back home reasoning it was the regular old regular old; he had gotten hit by an alcoholic driver, the vehicle got totaled, and he was fine. This time was unique. Regularly when I ask what happened she says, â€Å"You know your father,† or something to that nature. This time was extraordinary; she would not converse with me or mention to me what occurred. I later discovered that my father had broken his hip and pelvis. This occasion extraordinarily influenced me, both genuinely and truly. My father was in the medical clinic in a ton of torment since he broke the two most excruciating issues that remains to be worked out and I was unable to go see him on account of my work routine and in light of the fact that I needed to watch my sister. At last, in the wake of four difficult days I saw him. Despite the fact that he is my father, I should state he was a wreck. He was unable to move by any means, and when he attempted to he was in a great deal of torment.

The Liminal Experience in Angela Carter’s The Erl King - Literature Essay Samples

Liminality pervades Angela Carter’s short story collection, entitled The Bloody Chamber, in her characters, physical settings and even her narrative voice. The bloody chamber, as a physical ‘chamber’ can refer to a room where violence and enlightenment occur simultaneously. It is a space of transformation for the heroine that changes her irrevocably. Bloody chambers are often connected with not only the blood of violence, but also with the bloodshed when a woman loses her virginity and when she menstruates. The concept bloody chamber can also refer to the vagina or womb, and Carter uses this fact to underscore the connection between womens sexuality and the violence they experience. Carter creates an atmosphere that possesses elements of the ‘bloody chamber’, both power and torment simultaneously, particularly in ‘The Erl King’, a story in which all aspects exist liminally. The narrator in the Erl-King describes the sensation of liminali ty as vertigo. When the Erl-King, a liminal creature who is half-human, half-woods, draws her into his gravity of in-betweenness, she is unpleasantly disoriented. This disorient translates to the ambiguity of the King’s identity and the narrator’s intentions. In literature, liminal spaces traditionally give the occupant both power and torment. By existing in two states or being two things simultaneously, the occupant has qualities of both. At the same time, he or she is condemned to never live in either state. The two halves of the liminal beings experience do not seem to make a satisfying whole. Her more radical statement, however, is that all women are forced to live life as a liminal experience. Carter’s liminal experience in the text works to deconstruct and reposition female sexuality in a male-dominated space. The narrator, a female, lives subconsciously on the threshold of the ‘virgin’ and the ‘sexual being’, unable to identity f ully with either; Carter is suggesting that women who use their sexuality as empowerment are isolated from society and those who neglect it are oppressed by patriarchal figures, particularly, the Erl King.Carter begins the text in a relatively conventional way; her narrative voice is easily accessible. However, at first mention of the forest and the King, who are eventually revealed to be the same being, Carter manipulates the reality planes in the story, indicating the effects that the forest has physically and mentally; â€Å"The woods enclose and then enclose again, like a system of Chinese boxes opening one into another†¦it is easy to lose yourself in these woods.†(Carter 85) The narrator is aware of the demystifying effects of her surroundings, but seeks out the dangers anyway, representing the naivety in young women. She discloses in her winding sentences that the woods and the object of her desire, the Erl King, are the same being; he exists in the state of forest and man simultaneously; â€Å"When he combs his hair that is the color of dead leaves, dead leaves fall out of it; they rustle and drift to the ground as though he were a tree and he can stand as still as a tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Carter 87) She makes mention of his physical body as well; â€Å"†¦because his flesh is of the same substance as those leaves that are slowly turning into earth.†(Carter 88) The Erl King is neither man nor woods, and his seducing tendencies prove successful upon the ‘virginal/highly sexual’ female narrator. The narrator must not be portrayed as a victim; instead, Carter is propping her up as an independent, sexual being. She confesses that it is only the ‘imprisoning’ effect that the King possesses that inspires fear in her: â€Å"I am not afraid of him; only, afraid of vertigo, of the vertigo with which he seizes me. Afraid of falling down.†(Carter 87) Vertigo is a type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of mo tion when one is stationary. The narrator is experiencing the King ‘liminally’ in a physical sense, and in a mental state, as well as in a sexually liberating way and entrapping way.The relationship between the King and the narrator is highly romanticized by the latter. The erotic language and artful images of nature are characteristic of the Romantic Era, one that Carter is utilizing in a contemporary way. However, while the Romantics looked to nature as a source of spiritual enlightenment and life, in The Erl-King, it is a source of confinement and death. The narrators initial description of the woods already foreshadows her entrapment; she depicts the light filtering through the trees as these vertical bars of a brass-coloured distillation of light coming down from sulphur-yellow interstices in a sky hunkered with grey clouds.(Carter 86) Since the narrator is complicit in her imprisoning, she knows that she is caged or trapped from the moment she enters the woods. Sh e is subject to their power; because everything in the woods is exactly as it seems,(Carter 86) any person who steps into them imprints her own desires on them. On one level, the narrator desires to be caught, and the cage-like patterns of light are reflections of this desire. She admits her knowledge by stating, this light admits of no ambiguities.(Carter 87) The narrator even details her impending punishment before she comes into contact with the King, â€Å"The two notes of the song of a bird rose on the still air, as if my girlish and delicious loneliness had made me into a sound.†(Carter 85) Carter characterizes the song of birds as â€Å"girlish and delicious†, commenting on the vulnerability of women in sexual situations. However, the narrator matures quickly in response to the ‘marriage-like’ proposal that the King has in store for her.The narrator herself begins to convey liminal elements, as she falls subject to her virginal side as well as her sexually independent nature. This is characterized when he explains the King’s effect on her; â€Å" Your touch both consoles and devastates me.†(Carter 89) She encourages the Erl-Kings domination because she is caught in the vertigo between her erotic desire for the Erl-King and her desire to be independent. Summarizing her dilemma in two words, she calls him a tender butcher; she knows that he is both her lover and destroyer. Carter cleverly manipulates setting as character, as the narrator becomes an active figure within the thematic ‘bloody chamber’. The King is her source of pleasure and punishment, as he strips her of her virginity and of her sexual appetite; her identity is highly ambiguous. She believes that the Erl-King can enlighten her by consuming her; she wishes, I should like to grow enormously small, so that you could swallow me Then I could lodge inside your body and you would bear me.(Carter 89) In the end, the narrators extreme solution is to kill the Erl-King and supplant male domination with female domination. While other heroines in Carters stories find happiness in relationships with men, the narrator of The Erl-King rejects them entirely. She must kill the male figure in order to substitute him as creator. The narrator admits she was conscious of the dangers of ‘subjugation’ all along, and confesses, â€Å"†¦I loved him with all my heart and yet I had no wish to join the whistling congregation he kept in his cages although he looked after them very affectionately†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Carter 90) Carter is ultimately commenting on the ‘imprisoning’ effects of marriage. The narrator equates a marital bond with that of a ‘caged’ bird and it’s owner, she rejects surrender by liberating herself through sexual violence.The narrator and Erl King both exhibit liminal tendencies; the King exist in a physical realm of the liminal experience, living in a state of man and forest simultaneously, meanwhile, the narrator exists mentally on the threshold between vulnerable virgin and independent sexual body. There is a connection to the liminal space in Carter’s thematic symbol of the ‘bloody chamber’, in which the narrator is stripped of her virginity but commits violence as well, in order to expel herself from the forest’s abusing grasp. Carter romanticizes the concepts of sado-masochism and erotic violence in order to artfully convey the oppression women experience in heir surrender to marriage. The narrator, a female, lives subconsciously on the threshold of the ‘virgin’ and the ‘sexual being’, unable to identity fully with either; Carter is suggesting that women who use their sexuality as empowerment are isolated from society and those who neglect it are oppressed by patriarchal figures, particularly the Erl King.Works CitedCharter, Angela. The Bloody Chamber: And Other Stories. Harmondsworth [u.a.: Pen guin, 1986. Print.]

The Untamed Shrew - Literature Essay Samples

William Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew is set in Padua, where Katherine, the stubborn â€Å"shrew† the title refers to, is pursued by a bachelor named Petruchio who is in search of a wealthy wife. Katherine is known as the most ill-tempered woman in all of Padua, but Petruchio is not unnerved by this and makes it his aim to tame Katherine and turn her into the perfect submissive wife. At the end of the play, Katherine gives a speech that seemingly supports Petruchio’s idealistic values on women which may lead some readers to believe she has successfully been tamed. However, Katherine is not truly tamed, instead she has become a smarter version of herself and recognizes when and where she needs to pretend to conform to society’s standards in order to get what she wants, whereas before she would blurt out whatever came into her mind and often got in trouble for it. In addition, The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy and during her speech, Katherine uses irony to support her arguments, hinting that Shakespeare intended for it to be taken comically. At the start of the play, Katherine’s bold personality and unwillingness to back down is distinct, but as the story progresses she learns to control herself and choose her battles wisely, which some may mistake as her mindset being completely changed. Throughout the play, she is constantly switching between acting obedient and being her usual witty self, alluding that her actual character is not changed by the influence of Petruchio at all, she has simply learned how to deal under circumstances. An example of this is when Petruchio starves and deprives Katherine of sleep for days as a method for taming her. As time goes by, Katherine begins to pick up on his plan and instead of encouraging Petruchio’s temper to rise by fighting back as she would have before, she uses phrases like â€Å"I pray you, husband† (IV. i. 168), showing her grown maturity to situations like these. This scene takes place in front of Grumio and the servants, so Katherine decides to play the role of the desirable wife in their eyes in order to make herself look better. By begging Petruchio and calling him â€Å"husband†, she makes herself seem like she is finally submitting to him and gives Petruchio the twisted belief that he has authority over her. This gives Petruchio less reason to lash out and Katherine recognizes that in the future she will gain from these actions, which ultimately does happen when Petruchio no longer prevents Katherine from eating and sleeping. There are also other instances where Katherine rejects Petruchio’s values, knowing that it will not hurt her significantly in the long run. Not long after Katherine pleads with Petruchio, she stands up for herself when she wants a cap that he refuses to get for her. Petruchio tells her that she is not deserving enough to have the cap, to which she responds â€Å"Why, sir, I trust I may have leave to speak, / And speak I will. I am no child, no babe† (IV. iii. 78-79). After Petruchio i gnores her, she firmly announces â€Å"Love me, or love me not, I like the cap, / And it I will have, or I will have none† (IV. iii. 89-90), reflecting her beliefs that women should not be restricted by men. Katherine and Petruchio are alone with only the haberdasher, who is not of great importance in their society, as a witness to this harsh conversation. When in an almost private setting, Katherine is free to express what is really on her mind and does not need to act like she is submissive to Petruchio. She knows that at this very moment, fighting back with Petruchio will not do her much harm, and therefore uses the opportunity to voice her opinions. Although at first Katherine could not restrict herself vocally, her growing maturity and undeniable intelligence shines throughout the play when she manages to deceive people into thinking she truly has changed. This intelligence is seen time and time again when Katherine uses her docile act to keep her reputation with the public in place and to gain some power in society. When Petruchio announces he is going to leave the wedding reception, Katherine fights back in front of all the guests saying â€Å"Do what thou canst, I will not go today, no, nor tomorrow, not till I please myself. The door is open, sir. There lies your way† (III.ii.214-216). In Shakespearean times, this exchange is seen as public humiliation for both Petruchio and Katherine. Katherine’s sharp tongue and Petruchio’s unableness to tame her shows the public what a disastrous couple they are. As their bond strengthens, Katherine and Petruchio come to realize that while they might never completely agree on anything, they are in an unspoken partnership together against the public. In a way, they are the outcasts in their community because of the one thing they share in common- their headstrong and stubborn personalities. They understand the importance of their presentation to their families, and therefore know how to manipulate people into thinking that they are a stable couple. All of a sudden, Petruchio is so confident that Katherine will obey him when he calls for her that when Lucentio proposes twenty crowns for whoever’s wife comes, he replies â€Å"Twenty crowns? / I’ll venture so much of a hawk or hound, / But twenty times so much upon my wife (V. ii. 74-76). This unexpected change of attitude towards Katherine displays how much the couple’s private and public life differs. In the safety of their own home, Katherine would never follow Petruchio’s lead, but in this scene Petruchio knows Katherine will assume her submissive wife identity because they are surrounded by other people and need to uphold a good reputation in front of them. By being the only woman who went to her husband when called for, she is given a position of power over the other wome n, something which she never would have had at the beginning of the play. She then uses this power to give a speech on the importance of women pleasing their husbands and includes many ironic references in it, suggesting that she does not believe there is any truth behind her words. Katherine’s ironic wording of her speech indicates that Shakespeare aimed for it to be a mockery of the idealistic marriage at that time because she uses phrases and terms that are exaggerated and do not reflect her encounter with marriage. She states â€Å"And for thy maintenance commits his body / To painful labor both sea and land, / To watch the night in storms, the day in cold, / Whilst thou liest warm at home, secure and safe† (V. ii. 164-167). Here, she describes how husbands work endlessly in pain for the benefit of their wives while their wives are safe at home, their only requirement being to obey their husbands. Katherine’s own experience is much different from this since Petruchio lives off Katherine’s money and does not do any work. At one point, her home wasn’t safe or secure either because Petruchio starved her and deprived her of sleep. Both these points she makes completely oppose her experience and add some comedic value to the spe ech, proving she is not being literal with her speech. As Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew progresses, Katherine’s character develops from an uncontrollable shrew to a clever woman. She is deceptive in her ways and chooses when to fight and when to back down as it suits her. Her speech at the end does not reveal that she is tamed, it demonstrates her newfound maturity as she has the ability to handle compromising situations that go against her beliefs calmly. Furthermore, The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy and many of the themes in it such as Katherine’s speech are meant to be taken humorously instead of literally. This is another indication that by the end of the play, Katherine is not tamed, she is simply wiser.

Criminal Laws And The Cruel Treatment Of Alleged Criminals

Criminal procedures are safeguards against the indiscriminate use of criminal laws and the cruel treatment of alleged criminals. In detail, they are designed to impose the constitutional rights of criminal the defendants, starting with initial police contact and continuing through arrest, trial, investigation, sentencing, and appeals. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the difference between a misdemeanor and felony, speedy trial for misdemeanors and felonies, and the Speedy Trial Act of 1974. Difference in Misdemeanor and Felony According to Attonery.com both a misdemeanor and felonies are criminal charges however with one big difference, a misdemeanor you are in a local or county jail and a felony you are in a state or federal prison. Misdemeanors Misdemeanors offenses are punishable by substantial fines and sometimes jail time, usually less than one year. Any jail term would most likely be served in a county jail, rather than a state or federal correctional institution. Minor crimes consisting of offenses such as petty theft, which is the theft of items with little worth, normally a person can t be arrested for a misdemeanor unless the crime was committed in front of the officer. Petty offense misdemeanors are usually held in a shortened trial, where defendants do not have the right to court-appointed lawyers if they can t afford one. Jury trials can be available, depending upon the type of misdemeanor alleged. Misdemeanors are classified according to theirShow MoreRelatedDo We Need An International Criminal Court?1227 Words   |  5 Pages Do we need an international criminal court ? The International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute, is the first interminable, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end exemptions for the perpetrators of the most serious and heinous crimes of concern to the international community. The ICC was mandated in July of 1998 but was bought into force by July of 2002.1 The Rome Statute is a mutual treaty which serves as the ICC s foundational and leading documentRead MoreAn Analysis of Forensic Psychology in the Film, Primal Fear2856 Words   |  11 Pagesinnocence. The evidence produced by Frances ascertaining that the mental disorder triggered the criminal offenses supports Vails assertion that there was a third person in the residence of the archbishop who killed him and framed it on the desperate boy. According to the statement read in the courtroom by the judge, Miriam Shoat, the death of the Archbishop is brutal and predetermined. According to the criminal report and investigations, the defender stabbed the priest multiple times, chopped off hisRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741576 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout the semester, we have been reading and exploring the internet on juvenile delinquents. We as a class have had many good questions to answer about the different ways juveniles are treated, and what the correct or incorrect treatment is for juveniles. We have written many papers and had many discussion on historical milestones, landmark cases, adult courts, juvenile courts, probation and parole, detention centers and juvenile training programs. This semester has really changed the wayRead MoreSensitive Issues Like Taking An Alleged Offender On Remand 1223 Words   |  5 PagesSensitive issues like taking an alleged offender on remand, extra-judicial kill-ings through cross-fire or death in cus-tody have become a source of concern for those who are interested in the upho lding of human rights and due process of law. Controversy has also been generated be-cause of less than clear answers from those in charge of maintenance of law and order in the ministry of home affairs. I have tried to understand good govern-ance and human rights within the context of the variousRead MoreEssay on Juveniles Tried as Adults1272 Words   |  6 PagesThirteen-year-old boy, Cristian Fernandez of Jacksonville, Florida was born on January 14 of 1999 to a mother who was as old as he is today. On March 15 2011, he was arrested relating to the alleged beating of his 2-year-old brother, David. At the time of his arrest, David was under care of St. Luke’s Hospital, receiving treatment for injuries he sustained the day before. It states that Cristian shoved his 2-year-old brother against a bookshelf, causing the young child to have severe head damage. Cristian’sRead MoreThe Death Penalty Act Of 1851 Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages Legal executions in Californian were authorized under the criminal practice act of 1851 and later lead capital punishment to be incorporated into the penal code on Feb. 14, 1872. Essentially, hanging was allowed to be implemente d and caused executions to be publicized. In 1937, legislature allowed lethal gas which effectively replaced hanging and lead to the building of the only lethal gas chamber in the state of California at San Quentin. The first execution by lethal gas was conducted in 1938Read MoreA Brief Note On Criminology And Criminal Justice Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pages1. Scholars in criminology and criminal justice have suggested the following: â€Å"Any criminology worthy of its name should contain a comparative dimension. The contents of cultural meaning that are loaded into a subject are too variable for it to be otherwise.† Explain this statement. Use examples in the explanation. Criminology and criminal justice are multidimensional studies that require numerous perspectives in order to create well-rounded findings. Crime is largely intertwined with culture. InRead MoreFighting Terrorism without Infringing on Human Rights Essay826 Words   |  4 Pageserosion of the rule of law in established and emerging democracies and giving comfort to undemocratic governments that previously were the subject of intense pressure on their human rights policies.[1] It is very important to investigate this assumption in order to prevent erosion of human rights established as our core values in globally accepted legal framework. Human rights at stake are usualy: â€Å"freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, and freedom from torture, cruel and unusual punishmentRead MoreCriminals And Their Crimes By Mark Jones1640 Words   |  7 PagesMark Jones (2009) has written a book, not only for those seeking a degree in criminal justice, but also for Christians, that has been carefully researched and written with the goal of uncovering 25 Biblical â€Å"criminals† and their crimes. He provides a deep and thought provoking message with each story. In the book, Criminals of the Bible, Jones (2009) begins each lesson with an excerpt of the scriptural reference for the crime being discussed and then gives a short biography of the principle charactersRead MorePsychology And The Legal System. Paper 1. With Recent Legislative1302 Words   |  6 Pagesappropriate for the offenders who show the most progress. It usually allows the offender to be paroled closer to the minimum term than those who have not shown any progress. These decisions are taken into account of the individual offender’s crime, their criminal history, conduct while in prison, and if any efforts were put toward rehabilitation. The victims of the offender’s crime may also submit statements to the courts, parole boards, prosecutors, and even Governors about the crime and the impact that

Political Influence Milton Friedman And The Chicago...

The market trading goods, and services have created a constant hum of activity including governmental agencies and services which governments provide and whether to continue those services to the public have been the focal point of fair trade economics through the perspective of Milton Friedman. Traditionally interconnected with International Policies the policies of Friedman and the Chicago school of thought has had a impacts on the quality of life and access to basic services. Through the policies of ALEC (American Legislative Exchange Council) countries across the world have experienced the backlash of extreme neoliberal policies exploiting the poorest of countries and people for the profit of white wealthy business men often collaborating with members in ALEC. Supporting this argument of extreme neoliberal policies since the 1970’s starting with the signing in of Nixon and later cabinet member Donald Rumsfeld writers such as Michael Foucault explains how such political in fluence can negatively affects not just American lives but everyone one and thing on the earth. Finally concluding the acceptance or allowance of such policies through legislative practices to push extreme radical policies through during the time of Shock through the perspective of Naomi Klein whose remarks of Shocks to economy was directly in response to Milton Friedman’s notion of Shocking economies after reviewing an experiment Stanley Milgram working on with obedience and power control fromShow MoreRelatedPolitical Influence : Milton Friedman And The Chicago School Of Thought Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernmental agencies and services which governments provide and whether to continue those services to the public have been the focal point of fair trade economics through the perspective of Milton Friedman. Traditionally interconnected with International Policies the policies of Friedman and the Chicago school of thought have had significant NEGATIVE impacts on the qu ality of life and accessibility to basic services. Through the policies of ALEC (American Legislative Exchange Council countries across theRead MoreSmith s Attack On Mercantilism3631 Words   |  15 PagesSmith’s Attack on Mercantilism Smith needed individuals to practice thrift, diligent work and edified self-interest. He thought the act of illuminated self-hobby was regular for the dominant part of individuals. In his celebrated illustration, a butcher does not supply meat in view of good-encourage goals, but rather on the grounds that he benefits by offering meat. In the event that the meat he offers is poor, he won t have rehash clients and therefore, no benefit. Along these lines, its in theRead MorePublic Relations in Response to Crisis3363 Words   |  14 Pages‘Fair Fashion.’ Looking at other PR campaigns such as Johnson and Johnson, it enabled a similar overview as to how they dealt and fixed their crisis. Johnson and Johnson were prepared when launching their campaign in knowing what they’re customers thought of the brand as they controlled 37 % of the market share. This is important because the company could base their PR campaign on the media, both PR and paid advertising to communi cate their strategy rather than their audience, which according to GillionsRead MoreCorporate Irresponsibility and Corporate Social Responsibility: Competing Realities7010 Words   |  29 Pagescorporate social responsibility: competing realities Brian Jones, Ryan Bowd and Ralph Tench Brian Jones is a Senior Lecturer, Ryan Bowd is a Senior Lecturer and Ralph Tench is Professor in Communications Education, all based at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK. Abstract Purpose – Building on the work of Carroll this article attempts to unravel, explore and explain corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a theoretical construct that has implications and consequencesRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesIndividual Level The Group Level The Organisation Level The Society Level Interactions between the Levels Morgan’s Metaphors The Metaphors in Brief The Machine Metaphor The Organic Metaphor The Brain Metaphor Cultural (Anthropological) Metaphor The Political Metaphor The Psychic Prison Metaphor Flux and Transformation The Dominance Metaphor Using the Metaphors References and bibliography Workshop Aims Workshop Objectives Reading Lists Core Texts 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 10 10 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 18Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Nigerias Telecommunication Sector15201 Words   |  61 Pagesthat there is a mutual interdependency existing between them, that is, the organization and t he society. The relationship between organizations and their host community has become increasingly important. The decision made in an organization may influence community prosperity and also national and even internationally economic activity might be affected. An example of these problems is the on-going crisis in the Niger Delta region which has led to the destruction of lives and properties. There areRead MorePrimary Sector of Economy17717 Words   |  71 Pageslack of quantitative information. The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency, land revenue and trade. Gold, silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage.[27] The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals, coupled with a well-developed internal trade network, ensured that India, before the arrival of the British, was to a large extent economically unifiedRead MoreAgency Theory Essa y 329591 Words   |  119 Pages1 The Fundamental Agency Problem and Its Mitigation: Independence, Equity, and the Market for Corporate Control DAN R. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University MICHAELA. HITT Mays College of Business, Texas AM University S. TREVIS CERTO Mays College of Business, Texas AM University CATHERINE M. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Abstract A central tenet of agency theory is that there is potential for mischief when the interests of owners andRead MoreThe Impact of Derivatives on Cash Market21543 Words   |  87 Pagesissue, and more generally on the relationships between 1 underlying and derivative markets.1 The debate on the eï ¬â‚¬ects of derivative trading is closely related to the more fundamental issue of the extent to which speculative trading in general inï ¬â€šuences market prices. Accordingly, we will begin by reviewing the theoretical literature on speculation and price stability. Much of the early literature in this area focused on the role of speculators in smoothing out seasonal price ï ¬â€šuctuations in commodityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. 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Marketing Procedure And Supply Chain Management System Essay

The other day, one of my younger cousins came to see me and we had a long chat. At one point, he said that he was contemplating on a technology-based business idea in which he is keen to endow. I asked him to share the thoughts with me in detail. Then he explained, what he wanted to do, how to implement the thinking, approximate cost, budget, tentative loss-profit calculation, marketing procedure and supply chain management system etc. I found out that the proposal is new in Bangladesh and may be feasible if he can run it properly. Then I asked him to prepare a pitch deck for it. He replied, how about the pitch and how to do it. I informed that what you described me for the last half an hour, write it down. It will be a prototype. When you would make a slide with the gist of the prototype, it is generally named pitch. A pitch deck basically is a brief presentation, often created using PowerPoint, Keynote or Prezi used to provide your audience with a quick overview/short summary of yo ur company, business venture and startup. You will usually use your pitch during face-to-face or online meetings with potential investor or clients. According to the famous evangelist and author, Guy Kawasaki, who is also an American marketing specialist and Silicon Valley venture capitalist, a pitch should have ten slides, last no more than twenty minutes and contain no font smaller than thirty points. This is applicable for any presentation to reach agreement: for example, raising capital,Show MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management And Distribution1520 Words   |  7 PagesSupply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials in to intermediate and finished products and distribution of these products to the customers. Supply chain Management (SCM) is the management of flow of information, products and services across a network of customers, organization and supply chain enterprises. It incorporates the development and capacity of raw materials, work-in-progress ofRead MoreAn Analytical Environment On My Accounting And Supply Chain Management1015 Words   |  5 PagesOBJECTIVE: To continue my career in an analytical environment utilizing my Accounting and Supply Chain Management degrees. Over 18 years of experience in Financial Auditing, Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Rutgers, University Procurement Service, Piscataway, NJ Supply Chain Project Data Analyst and Accounts Payables May 2016 – current Supply Chain Project Data Analysis of the day to day accounting activities. Reporting trends, costs and deliverablesRead MoreMarketing Strategy Concepts, Methodology, And Theory1350 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated literatures about marketing strategy concepts, methodology, and theory, are reviewed. These concepts, theory and methodology are the foundations of research design of this work. 2.1 Marketing strategy The material world is objective while the people’s psychologies are very subjective. The same concepts from different people may mean different implications. The concepts of strategy tend to be used in many scenarios and embody different meanings. The marketing strategy also has its specificRead MoreLogistics And Marketing : Friends Or Enemies?950 Words   |  4 PagesLogistics and Marketing – Friends or Enemies? The Recent acrimonious debate has focused on the argument of whether logistics and marketing is friend. Marketing is defined as the management processes of individuals and groups create the demand and meet the demand. (Kotler et al. 2013). Converse (1954) made a speech at twenty-sixth Boston Conference on distribution. He claims that the process of selling goods and the process of satisfying consumer’s needs is closely related to logistics. ChristopherRead MoreOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 15: RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS A SELF STUDY REPORT Prepared900 Words   |  4 PagesOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 15: RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS A SELF STUDY REPORT Prepared by G.Balaji (13AA10) Prepared for Mr.V.HARISH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PSG INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS: Resource Planning Systems are those that can be used for planning and maintaining the resources that are required for manufacturing process. The main objective is to ensure that the materials are available and in accordance to plan the production systems. PlanningRead MoreReverse Logistics within a Supply Chain919 Words   |  4 Pagesequation, and appears to point to the right measure of resources. Any reverse logistics initiative should reduce real costs which intern satisfies the customer. If want to understand the implications of process management by implementing a successful reverse logistics system within the supply chain. We need to understand what drives inventory through the areas of distribution, production and Post-Goods-Issuance (PGI). Its success is certainly a difficult undertaking, and determining when to address theRead MoreBoeing Australia Case Study1480 Words   |  6 Pagesvery old-fashioned distribution system that needs to be changed. Implementing this new JITD will increase efficiency across the supply chain. The system will reduce manufacturing costs, increase supply chain visibility, increase distributors’ dependence on Barilla, establish better relationship with distributors, reduce inventory level and most importantly improve manufacturing planning and forecasting using objective data. This JITD will see Barilla’s supply chain synchronized from manufacturingRead MoreTesco Plc : A British Multinational Basic Need And General St ock Retailer1719 Words   |  7 Pagesover Asia and Europe and is the basic supply advertise pioneer in the UK (where it has a piece of the overall industry of throughout 28.4%), Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia, and Thailand. Tesco was established in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a gathering of business stalls. The Tesco name initially showed up in 1924, after Cohen bought a shipment of tea from T. E. merchandise well and joined those initials with the initial two letters of his surname, and the first Tesco supply opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, BarnetRead MoreReckitt Benckiser Supply Chain in Practice: Challenges and Recommendations.1465 Words   |  6 Pagesis ranked as the number two anti-acne treatment worldwide. The company s Air Wick is ranked second in the air care segment worldwide. This strong portfolio of brands significantly fuels the revenues and profitability of the company. In terms of management structure, it is organized in such a way that there are three areas in the world: Europe, which includes Eastern Europe and Turkey; the Americas—North America plus Australia and New Zealand, which are very similar markets; and are called the â€Å"developingRead MoreThe Role Of Marketing And Management Of Csr Projects Essay708 Words   |  3 Pagesscheduling meetings and booking conferences. †¢ Marketing and social media: Supporting the marketing strategy for the business through researching channels to market, competitors, growth areas, and social media opportunities; updating the company website. †¢ Events management: Design and implementation of internal, client and CSR events; managing the events budget, and ensuring health and safety obligations are adhered to. †¢ CSR: Development and management of CSR projects to engage colleagues with community

There Is Not One Caribbean Culture free essay sample

Studies Assess the statement â€Å"There is not one Caribbean culture but many Caribbean cultures† There is no one distinctive Caribbean culture, but rather, Caribbean cultures. Each island or geo-political territory is characterized by its own unique, cultural practices, institutions and belief systems. One may note that cultural similarities may be influenced by; political history, languages, ethnic groupings and economic features. Caribbean culture is a product of its history and geography. Most of the Caribbean territories were inhabited and developed earlier than European colonies in the Americas, with the results that themes and symbols of pioneers, farmers and traders were important in the development of Caribbean culture. Each ethnic group brought with them their traditional practices to the Caribbean. For example the Indians brought their traditional foods such as curry and other spices, and the Africans brought their religious practices such as voodoo. These practices by the ethnic groups have all been incorporated to create what is known as the Caribbean Culture. We will write a custom essay sample on There Is Not One Caribbean Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, as a result of cultural diversity, we have developed our own unique identity which is associated only with the Caribbean. Culture is the way of life of a people and includes customs, practices, beliefs, superstitions and food. All this leads people to act, think and behave differently from other people in other cultures. The Jamaican culture is a great example. These customs lead people to act, think and behave differently and make them distinctive. The Jamaicans culture is expressed through local stories, songs, dances, the use herbs and bush medicine, local beliefs, the preparation of indigenous food s and through religious practices. Jamaicans perform folk songs and dance mainly during festivals and independence celebrations. During celebrations it is customary to wear their nation costumes, which is called the Bandana. Trinidad and Tobago culture is known for its carnival, steel band and calypso music are famous throughout the world. The carnival was first introduced in Trinidad and Tobago. The Trinidad and Tobago language is a mixture of African dialects besides coining some words from other languages. Trinidad and Tobago culture also encompasses Trinidad and Tobago language, art, food, society, religion. The Trinidad and Tobago carnival shows the creativity of the trinbagonians. Carnival had its birth in the streets of Trinidad and Tobago. Kite flying is another part of Trinidad and Tobago culture. Moreover the calypso and the steel band is famous worldwide and is also a part of the Trinidad and Tobago culture. Regarding food Trinidad and Tobago food differs slightly. Tobago food is mainly exotic sea food dishes. Trinidad food comprises of the modern day delicacies. The Culture of the South American nation, Guyana, is very similar to that of the English speaking Caribbean, so much so that Guyana is considered a Caribbean Nation. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands of the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc. Visual Art takes many forms in Guyana, but its dominant themes are Amerindian, the ethnic diversity of the population and the natural environment. Much historic architecture reflects the countrys British colonial past. Many of these buildings in Georgetown and New Amsterdam were built entirely of local woods. The Guyanese folklore is similar to the Caribbean folklores, mixed with African and Indian, Portuguese, and Latin beliefs. The Caribbeans culture, like that of most countries around the world, is a product of its history, geography, and political system. Being a collection of settler nations, the Caribbean has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of customs, cuisine, and traditions that have marked the socio-cultural development of the nation.

The Learning Organisation

Question: Discuss about theLearning Organisation. Answer: Introduction: Many scholars have come up with different definitions of a leader. However, the definitions are correlated since they have elements that are overlapping. In brief, a leader is said to be a person who directs others towards achieving any set goal. There may exist differences in the definitions but the three common elements must feature. (McGill, 2011). They include the goals, the people being led and the one who is exercising authority upon them. Leadership is a skill that can be nurtured through learning. However, many people believe that leaders are just born. It is for this reason that we do not associate leadership with a position within an organisation or the government. For instance, there are individuals who occupy very influential offices yet they do not possess any of the leadership traits. (Harrison, 2015) A leader has the desire to achieve the desired goals. Consequently, they make every effort to achieve the goals despite the challenges that arise along the way. Leaders motivate others through service. Therefore they must commit themselves to a course that will portray them as an example to their subjects. (Nevis, 2009) John C. Maxwell perceives leadership in three dimensions through his statement that says: A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way. The first aspect of leadership according to Maxwell depicts a leader as an individual who has a vision. A vision is an imaginary impression of how the future would be. The leader ought to have a blueprint of what they intend to achieve before they guide people in working towards the goal. (Kolb, 2006). The people are motivated when leaders take up the role to define a good vision. Leaders are charged with the responsibility to conceptualise the visions so that they can break it down for the people they lead. This calls for special skills in the management of the masses. In this case, leaders have to sharpen their communication proficiency. They must also strategise effectively in order to formulate clear and achievable visions. Sometimes the visions may need adjustments depending on the future environmental changes. The leaders s hould be flexible enough to make the alterations so as the organisation remains on course. It is for this reasons that Maxwell contends that leaders must know the way. (Argyris, 2013) The next aspect in Maxwells communication is that leaders should go the way. After setting the vision, efforts must be put in place to get to the reality of the imaginations. Leaders are expected to exhibit resilience because it is never an easy task. In order to achieve a wonderful goal, normally the challenges witnessed may discourage the people within the organisation. It is the duty of the leaders to keep up the fighting spirit. A leader should not be faint hearted. (Lhteenmki, 2007). This trait is disadvantageous especially in environments where there are many risks. Leaders who achieve success in the end always give priority to the most essential practices. They minimise risks by employing adequate management measures. This is a step that demands for sound decision making processes because it determines the direction which the organisation will take. (Azmi, 2008) The last item is that the leaders should show the way. Typically, leadership entails the capacity to influence. Maxwell believes that one qualifies to be a leader if they can convince the rest of the people to work towards realizing the objectives. They do so by providing a conducive environment and the requisite tools for working. Worker participation in the decision making process is an important ingredient for empowerment. A leader should create teams which can work in collaboration. By doing this, they serve as inspirational figures that the employees can look up to. The general conduct of a leader is paramount for the success of any organisation. (McGill, 2011). Many workers take up the behaviour of their leaders because they believe those are their role models. Maxwell highlights the need for the leaders to be all round individuals since they represent the whole organisation. National leaders are public figures that are monitored all over the world. The image of the country rel ies on the leaders hence the need for them to carry themselves with repute. We can use the analogy of Jesus Christ who is considered by many as the ultimate leader. He lived a life of example, in that he did what he said. Jesus exhibited the utmost will to achieve his vision when he offered himself on the cross so that every human kind may find salvation. (Azmi, 2008) There has been extensive scholarly research in the field of organisational learning. Many people want to gain insight in the systems through which organisational learning operates, how to come up with such organisations and the challenges experienced while learning. Organisational learning is a branch of Organisational Theory as a discipline. It is a conglomerate of many other subjects that border on creativity and innovation and the ability to communicate. Organisational Learning is specifically focused on the psychological spheres that are associated with any organisation. (Levinthal, 2014) Organisational Learning can be defined from two fronts. First, the behavioural aspects are analysed and then the thinking patterns follow. There are two schools of thought which try to unravel the mysteries that come with Organisational learning. The behavioural school bases its argument on how to do, whereas the cognitive school is limited to the mental patterns of thinking. (March, 2006). Learning is a process; the proponents of the cognitive school contend that our minds have special designs of thinking that help in the learning course. These designs guide in the interpretation of the existing surrounding and determine the reflex action to be undertaken in various situations. On the other hand, those who believe in the behavioural school of thought hold a contrasting opinion. They believe that learning occurs through direct physical confrontation with the environment. For example, one must perform an experiment to ascertain the physical changes that happen when an event takes plac e. (Lhteenmki, 2007) There are theories that explain the Organisational Learning concept. They were derived from both schools of thought. The adaptive and generative learning theory and the experiential theory are derivatives from the cognitive school. The assimilation theory is a product from the behavioural school. The experiential theory was coined from the word experience. The psychological welfare of an individual expands as they gain more familiarity with the learning environment. (Harrison, 2015). This theory is applicable in the leadership cycles in that individual skills are sharpened as time goes by. Learning is a repetitive procedure that enables leaders to interact with the environment. They conduct experiments which present challenges to them. Such experiments require an intensive formulation of possible solutions hence the development of the thinking patterns. (Levinthal, 2014) The adaptive and generative theory calls for a broader view of the world phenomena. The imaginary patterns are based on a deeper perspective of the nature of the environmental aspects. In this sense, the elements incorporated in the experimentation process cover a wider scope. Much information is sought from a group of disciplines in order to come up with a hybrid mental pattern. (Harrison, 2015) Lastly is the assimilation theory. While the initial theories focus on the thinking process, this theory is based on the behaviour changes in the learning process. It describes the development along the cycle, giving evidence that is quantifiable. The evidence is collected through observation, which is contrary to the other approaches that are purely psychological. The assimilation process follows a systematic procedure that forms a full cycle of action related learning. (March, 2006) Having examined the three theories, the next step is to relate them to John C. Maxwells premise that a leader knows the way, goes the way and shows the way. In the discussion above, there is mention that a good leader must have a clear vision. For any organisation to achieve its targets, leaders must set achievable visions. The experiential theory can come to play in this scenario since leadership is a critical aspect. Leaders who have vast experience are bound to make sound decisions since they are knowledgeable. Some decisions can be made following the precedential judgements that were made in the past. Experience comes with resilience. A leader who is experienced can withstand tougher challenges. (Kolb, 2006) Maxwell also argues that a leader should go the way. The dynamics of the world are very demanding. Organisations should be led in a manner that is flexible so as to adapt to the changing environment. For this reason, the adaptive and generative theory of learning is employed. It is an established fact that the theory is a conglomerate of vast disciplines. The implication of this is that leaders should be ready to accommodate any situation because organisations are faced with many challenges. (Hodgkinson, 2009) In Maxwells principle, the last item is for a leader to show the way. The most applicable theory is the assimilation theory which is based on observation. In this case, leaders can perform experiments to their subjects so that they learn how to carry out organisational duties. Formally, this idea is carried out through trainings. Workers often go through a systematic tuition that enables them to acquire skills. (Isaacs, 2015) References Argyris, C. (2013). Teaching Smart People How To Learn. Harvard Business Review, Argyris, C., Schon, D. A. (2009). Organizational learning: A theory in action perspective.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Azmi, F. T. (2008). Organizational learning: Crafting a strategic framework. ICFAI Business Strategy, Harrison, R. (2015). Learning, knowledge productivity and strategic progress: International Training Development Hodgkinson, M. (2009). The Learning Organization and Emergent Strategies. Strategic Change Isaacs, W. N. (2015). Taking Flight: Dialogue, Collective Thinking, and Organizational Learning. Organizational Dynamics, Kolb, D. (2006). Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Harvard Business Review Lhteenmki, S.M. (2007). Critical Aspects of Organizational Learning Research and Proposals For Its Measurement. British Institute of Management Levinthal, D. A. (2014). The Myopia of Learning. Strategic Management. March, J. G. (2006). Exploration and Exploitation in Organized Learning. Organization Science McGill, M. E. (2011). The Smarter Organization: How to build a business that learns and adapts to marketplace. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Nevis, E. C. (2009). Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems. MIT Sloan Management Review

My Life Begins Today free essay sample

Mayday My Life Begins Lyrics Ive been working hard so long seems Like pain has been my only friend my fragile hearts been done so wrong wondered If Id ever heal again ooh just like all the seasons never stay the same all around me I can feel a change (ooh) I will break these chains that bind me, happiness will find me leave the past behind me, today my life begins a whole new world is waiting its mine for the taking know I can make it, today my life begins yesterday has come and gone and Ive learn how to leave It where It Is ND I see that I was wrong for ever doubting I could win ooh Just like all the seasons never stay the same a whole new world Is waiting its mine for the taking know I can make It, today my life begins lifes to short to have regrets http://YMMV. We will write a custom essay sample on My Life Begins Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lyrically. Com/today_my_life_begins_lyrics_Bruno_mars. HTML so elm learning now to leave it in the past and try to forget only have one life to live so you better make the best of it will break these chains that bind me, happiness will find me leave the past behind whole new world Is walling Its mine for the taking I know I can make it, today my life begins Ill be alright Its time for me to let you know I am so glad that I have you Through all these years I am so thankful Now that Ive grown Ill always be thinking of you With all the things you taught me so Always remember Ill be alright, Ill be K I will be good learning all the way All from the heart, these things I do Ill make you proud because I love you I will be fine And Ill be good all the way Ill make you proud because I do I love you so I will stand tall and Ill try not to fall As I reach all of my goals I will go on, I will move on All because of you For you baa? Kaki Analogous an aka says, Amman kaki Unsung aka baa? Kaki As sumable aka as puss OK, Amman kaki Pistol aka baa?Kaki You know I cant smile without you Pagoda an pagoda an aka I love you so xx Banning aka Kaki Amman kaki Mall kit Baggy Dayton dalai Picture nag Para enveloped kit Hindi Toyota Tao, hind ring Toyota happy Baggy Toyota, baggy talk Populism kit, kaki Mackinaw MO nag puss OK, Amman kaki Cutout aka baa? Kaki Appall aka as lo OK Amman kaki Papa aka baa? Kaki Lab-lab I love you Misleading aka nag Kaki bake manuals aka as page-big OK Pare enveloped kit Hindi Toyota Tao, Hindi ring Toyota happy Kumara MO is Papa P, Papa P (ding dong) P papa P, papa P P Papa P, Papa P (ding dong) Exam aka baa, kaki Staining kit gad-gad, Amman kaki Drugs aka baa? Kodiak aka Amman kaki Aqualung aka baa? Youre really hard to get Phosphor aka baa? E did phosphor ring aka Prang match Pare mediaeval kit Pistol aka nag, kaki I really really cant smile without you

Sample HR Essay Questions - Writing Them Yourself

Sample HR Essay Questions - Writing Them YourselfSample HR Essay Questions are one of the best ways to learn about the experience of an HR Executive. Whether you have just graduated and want to start off on your career or you have been working in the company for a long time and want to update yourself about its activities, you should take some time and do some sample HR Essay Questions online.For starters, you can choose to do a few free sample HR Essay Questions that will give you a better feel about how this field works. Many recruitment firms give out sample questions during different interviews which may prove helpful for candidates. Do a search for these questions and sample answers in sites such as answerpennranks.com.You can also read the articles on HR Essay Questions posted on websites such as dreamviews.com. In most cases, the questions include some kind of sample essay where you can add your own comments on.If you want to be more specific, you can take part in online forum s and ask other people how they did their job. If you can get some good answers to your question from them, that would be a great help. You can get to know what kinds of questions candidates go through, so you will be able to prepare your answers.It is best to understand that most of the questions in questionnaires are not very difficult. The level of difficulty depends on the candidate's profile. But it will definitely be a challenge to get some sort of sample questions because there are many job aspirants who are trying to be noticed in this field.Sample HR Essay Questions may also vary depending on the area of the organization where you are applying. Some areas prefer interviews that require you to have some relevant prior experience while others are more concerned with a skill set. If you are already employed in an HR department, it would be a good idea to study some sample HR Essay Questions that fit the needs of your position.If you have any specific topics in mind when writin g sample HR Essay Questions, you can always contact a recruiter to have a conversation about them. You can then go ahead and ask for some samples or ask them to give you samples for free.You should know that by writing HR Essay Questions, you are actually informing the company that you are interested in the job and need the company to consider you for the position. The question answers should be grammatically correct and should not include any extra spaces or indentation marks in the middle of sentences.

thesis statement example - pros and cons of minimum wage uk The WritePass Journal

thesis statement example - pros and cons of minimum wage uk Introduction thesis statement example pros and cons of minimum wage uk ). The Low Pay Commission are continually identifying employers that are not paying their workers the minimum wage (937 cases in 2010/11). Additionally, data show that in April 2011, approximately 233,000 UK adults were paid less than the minimum wage (LPC, 2012). Not all individuals receiving less than the prescribed minimum wage (currently  £6.08 p/h for over 21s,  £4.98 for 18-21 year olds [HMRC, 2012]) are doing so against the minimum wage employment law. Exceptions include workers who have accommodation provided by their employer, apprentices and interns. One group particularly vulnerable to not receiving the national minimum wage is migrant workers. Research has shown that migrant workers have filled gaps in the UK labour market, however have also put downward pressure on wages at the bottom of the distribution, which have been prevented from falling further by the national minimum wage. The existence of a minimum wage to prevent wages falling further has positive implications for native workers, meaning they do not fall subject to lower wage rates. It also however, means that wages are unable to fall to a rate at which supply meets demand potentially leading to an increase in unemployment for those in unskilled jobs. The implication s of the minimum wage for unemployment are not constrained to the presence of migrant workers, and this will be discussed in more detail later on. As well as having an impact on the labour market, migrant workers have been shown to be examples of people in the country receiving less than the prescribed rate. Research by French and Mohrke (2006) found that some employers of migrant workers put various charges on their salaries, reducing wages below the minimum wage, and deducting accommodation fees that were in excess of the legal allowance. The exploitation of migrant workers was further highlighted by Moore and Watson (2009) who discovered that they were at risk from low wages, unclear payslips and unauthorised deductions from wages. It is therefore clear that the introduction of a national minimum wage in the UK has not provided everyone in the country with a wage above the prescribed rate, however the Government measures and implemented compliance enforcing techniques are further insuring that those entitled are receiving the minimum wage. There is considerable evidence to show a compression of the lower wage distribution and therefore improvement of wage inequality as a result of the introduction of a national minimum wage. Machin et al. (2003) investigated this effect in the care home industry, a low-wage heavy sector, finding that the minimum wage had a sizeable impact on wage dispersion. The inequality between those earning in the 10th percentile (the lowest paid workers) and the 50th percentile (mid pay-range) reduced from 21% to 9%. There was no change between wages in the 50th and 90th percentile (a 34% gap). This effect is replicated in the UK labour market, with Butcher, Dickens and Manning (2012) finding evidence that income inequality at the bottom of the wage distribution since the introduction of the minimum wage. These findings demonstrate a ‘greatness’ of the minimum wage in achieving the Government’s aim of protecting the lowest earners from low wages, and achieving a more equal wage distribution. Despite evidence of the desired effects on wage equality, the ‘greatness’ of the national minimum wage is something that has received debate since its introduction, with both scepticism and support for its effect on the UK labour market and economy. Economic theory would suggest that in certain economic conditions, such as a recession, a national minimum wage would inflict a negative impact on employment, with employers being unable to afford workers and these workers being unable to offer their services for a lower wage to escape unemployment. Additionally, there is some evidence to suggest that employers substitute their unskilled workers for increased use of technology (Bullock et al., 2001; Gilman, 2002) to maintain productivity. Despite this, investigations into the rate of unemployment have shown few effects of a wage floor on jobs (Petongolo Van Reenen, 2011). The LPC acknowledges the existence of a pay level that would ‘destroy’ large numbers of jobs and aims to ensure that the minimum wage does not rise to this level (Manning, 2012). The LPC does, however, highlight several issues that have arisen in the labour market as a result of the minimum wage, which may compensate for not cutting employment rates. These responses to increased labour costs include cutting overtime hours, decreasing annual leave entitlement and pensions, merging pay zones, and reducing working hours (LPC, 2011). Although keeping individuals employed, these compensatory measures may mean that workers are not actually receiving a gain from the introduction of a minimum wage. However, the LPC subsequently states that reduced hours have not affected weekly earnings. Another viewpoint is that the minimum wage actually encourages people into the workforce by providing increased incentive to work. For the voluntarily unemployed, it becomes more beneficial for them to enter into work instead of receiving unemployment benefits. This may explain why any effect of the minimum wage on employment levels in low-earners has been negligible (Manning, 2012). It is also important to consider the effects of having to pay a minimum wage on the employers. Some businesses have responded to the minimum wage by increasing their prices, or accepting a lower profit margin (LPC, 2011). This may have implications for demand for products, and lower profits will have implications for investment in technology, advancements and training, as well as business growth. Consequently, a slowing in business growth has implications for employment, living standards, and consumer confidence (Riley, 2006). Whilst employers may suffer with increased labour costs, the minimum wage has also been suggested to have an impact on the productivity of workers. Standard neo-classical models would suggest that when introducing a minimum wage, all workers producing an output (marginal product) below that of the wage rate would likely be dismissed, as the firm substitutes labour for capital. The productivity of the workforce would therefore rise, as the same level of output w ould be required from fewer labour inputs (Forth O’Mahoney, 2003). If this scenario holds true, it is evident again that unemployment would likely increase. Alternatively, as suggested by efficiency wage theory (Rebitzer Taylor, 1995), employees may increase their marginal product in response to increased motivation from higher wages. This may also occur as a result of further employer supervision of effort as employers seek to protect their increased investment. Additional hypotheses suggest that to avoid dismissal, workers seek to increase their skills and education and therefore the quality of their output (Cubitt Heap, 1999). This has positive implication for employment, as employers will not need to dismiss any workers and therefore output would rise equally with labour costs (Forth O’Mahoney, 2003). Opposing theories claim that rather than providing incentive to gain skills and remain in employment, the guarantee that all workers receive above a minimum amount will lead to lack of labour force skill development. It has been proposed that this occurs because young unskilled workers are enticed out of education and training and into the job market (Neumark Wascher, 2008) something that has been shown in other countries. The UK’s LPC are concerned that there not be an incentive for young people to leave training (Croucher White, 2011) and additionally have observed that the decision of young adults to stay in full-time education has been unaffected by wage rates (De Coulon et al., 2010). Whilst the improvement of pay inequality at the bottom end of the wage distribution cannot be disputed, raising the pay of low skilled workers may lead to the demand for companies to ensure the maintenance of pay differentials as higher-up workers insist on pay rises. In a case study, (Denvir Loukas, 2006) found that 56% of companies interviewed had changed their hourly pay rates for those earning above the minimum wage in order to maintain wage differentials. This puts further pressure on companies’ labour costs and pressure to maintain employment levels, prices and profits. Whilst the minimum wage is pulling the lower skilled workers out of poverty, it may seek to push the wages of those greater skilled and earning employees even higher, and thus furthering inequality at the between those earning in the middle and top percentiles. This is something noted by Manning (2011) who asserts that it is those earning in the middle part of the income distribution that are feeling the real squeeze in their incomes. Although the minimum wage serves to protect those at the lower end of the wage spectrum, those earning higher rates may also be pushed out of employment or forced to absorb the work of lower skilled workers as employers are forced to make redundancies. The introduction of a national minimum wage means that all workers meeting the criteria, regardless of location within the country, are entitled to receive the minimum rate or above. This has implications for those living in more expensive regions of the UK, where the minimum wage has greater ‘bite’, reaching further up the wage distributions in certain geographic regions than others (Stewart, 2002). This therefore means that the effect of the minimum wage and way that it works will differ in each geographical area. Some theorists argue for a regional variation in minimum wages (Smith, 2006), founded on the argument that employment and company efficiency in certain regions may be adversely affected by a minimum wage rate that is above the region’s productivity levels (Dolton et al., 2008). For example, whilst a higher minimum wage may be applicable in a highly competitive and productive capital city, this wage rate may not be sustained in a rural community with lo wer costs of living. It must also be appreciated however, that productivity, unemployment and employment rates have varied across regions from well before the inception of the minimum wage. Investigation by Dolton et al. (2008) elucidates the impact of regional variation on minimum wage effects, showing that areas where the minimum wage has a larger bite experienced larger declines in the 50th percentile- 5th percentile wage ratios than elsewhere. They additionally found that these areas were more susceptible to higher rates of unemployment in the first few years of the minimum wage introduction, which then reversed with these areas experiencing lower rates of unemployment in the years to follow. Additionally, the discrepancy between the minimum wage bite between geographical regions does not just have implications for the labour market as a whole, it also affects individual workers differently. Whilst the wage has been introduced to reduce poverty, increase living standards and inequality amongst the low skilled workers, it seems ironic that this may be a case more greatly than for others dependent on where they live. Consider the case of a set of twin brothers, who both work as toilet attendants. On the minimum wage, twin A, who lives in Northumbria has a purchasing power 10% greater than twin B, who lives in greater London, meaning that twin B has to work an eleven days to be able to purchase the same goods as twin A (Office for National Statistics, 2010). Disparity such as this has been recognised by the UK government, reflected in the introduction of the London Living Wage, whereby London address holder employees of Greater London Authority member companies (such as the NHS) benefit from an increased wage rate. Overall, the ‘greatness’ of the minimum wage can be seen in its assurance that no employees of working age will be subjected to low or unfair wage rates. The national minimum wage ensures that no members of the labour force need live in poverty, although the regional variations in such a statement have implications. The quality of life and fairness for individuals provided by the minimum wage is of great importance, and this is something that is emphasised by the UK government’s efforts to ensure compliance to the minimum wage jurisdiction. Despite benefit for many individuals, a national minimum wage presents many implications for countries’ labour markets and economies. The results of these implications can be controlled with an effective wage floor rate, and the issue of balance should be carefully considered and monitored by any regulatory body. References Bullock, A., Hughes, A., Wilkinson, F. (2001) The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on Small and Medium Sized Businesses in the Cleaning and Security Sectors, Cambridge: Centre for Business Research. Butcher, T., Dickens, R., Manning, A. (2012) â€Å"The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on the Wage Distribution†. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Croucher, R. Rizov, M. (2011) The Impact of the UK National Minimum Wage on Productivity by Low-paying Sectors and Firm-size Groups. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Cubitt, R. Heap, S. (1999) Minimum wage legislation, investment and human capital, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46, pp. 135-57. De Coulon, A., E. Meschi, E., Swaffield, J., Vignoles, A., Wadsworth, J. (2010) Minimum Wage and Staying-on Rates in Education for Teenagers. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Denvir, A. Loukas, G. (2006) The Impact of the National Minimum Wage: Pay Differentials and Workplace Change. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) National Minimum Wage Annual Report for 2010/11. London: Crown Copyright. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2010) National Minimum Wage Compliance Strategy. London: Crown Copyright. Dickens, R., Manning, A (2004) Has the national minimum wage reduced UK wage inequality? Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 167, 613-626. diNardo, J., Fortin, N., Lemieux, T. (1996) Labour market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973-1993: A semi-parametric approach. Economertrica, 64(5), pp. 1001-1045. Dolton, P., Rosazza-Bondibene, C. Wadsworth, J. (2008) The Geography of the National MW, Report for the Low Pay Commission. Gilman, M., Edwards, P., Ram, M. Arrowsmith, J. (2002) Pay determination in small firms in the UK: the case of the response to the National Minimum Wage, Industrial Relations Journal, 33(1), pp. 52- 67. HM Revenue and Customs (n.d) The National Minimum Wage [WWW] HM Revenue and Customs. Available from: hmrc.gov.uk/paye/payroll/day-to-day/nmw.htm [Accessed 01/08/2012]. Forth, J., O’Mahoney, M. (2003) The impact of the national minimum wage on labour productivity: An analysis using industry data. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. French, S., Mohrke, J. (2006) â€Å"The Impact of ‘new arrivals’ upon the North Staffordshire labour market†. Research Report for the low Pay Commission. Lee, D. (1999) Wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s: Rising dispersion or falling minimum wage? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), pp. 977-1023. Low Pay Commission (2007) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Low Pay Commission (2011) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Low Pay Commission (2012) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Machin, S., Manning, A., Rahman, L. (2003) Where Minimum Wage Bites Hard: The Introduction of the UK National Minimum Wage to a Low Wage Sector. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(1), pp. 154-180. Manning, A. (2011) Wage inequality and job polarization show that it is time to be pursuing from the highest-earners to those with middle and lower incomes. [WWW] British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38319/ (Accessed: 01/08/2012). Moore, S., Watson, M (2009) UNISON Migrant Workers Participation Project Evaluation Report. London: UNISON Communications Unit. Neumark, D. W. Wascher, (2008). Minimum Wages. Cambridge: MIT Press. Office for National Statistics (2010) UK Relative Regional Consumer Price levels for Goods and Services for 2010. Office for National Statistics. Petrongolo, B., Van Reenen, J. (2011) The level of youth unemployment is at a record high. Policy makers should focus on strengthening and refining welfare-to-work and education-to-work programmes and forget about caps on immigration or reductions in the minimum wage which would do nothing to help. [WWW]   British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38022/. (Accessed: 01/08/2012). Rebitzer, J., Taylor, L. (1995). The consequences of minimum wage laws: Some new theoretical ideas. Journal of Public Economics, 56, pp. 245-255. Riley, J (2006) AS Macroeconomics/ International Economy [WWW] Tutor2u. Available from: http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-economic-growth.html {Accessed: 01/08/2012}. Smith, D. (2006) Does Britain Have Regional Justice or Injustice in its Government Spending and Taxation?, Economic Research Council Digest, 37(1), pp. 9-26. Stewart M. (2002) Estimating the impact of the minimum wage using geographical wage variation, Oxford Bulletin of Economics Statistics, 64(5), pp. 583-606.

Analysis of Franchising Strategy

Analysis of Franchising Strategy FreshDirect is the leading online grocer, who serves more than 300 zip codes in Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, Nassua County, Riverdale, Westchester, Staten Island, New Jersey, and some areas of Connecticut, and they are providing a new way to shop for food. They are based in a 300,000-square-foot production building in Long Island City and they are the largest employers in the city. Joseph Fedele and Jason Ackerman cofounded FreshDirect in July 2001. Before FreshDirect was established, most other online grocery businesses had failed. Even with the demise of online grocery businesses for the previous decade, cofounders strongly believed that they would succeed in their business as their efficient operating strategy was built to provide high quality at lower prices. At first, however, FreshDirect was blamed for the limited service area until it expanded its area slowly. The company started to become popular by providing high quality products, such as locally grown fresh products and or ganic food at lower prices to local residents and offices. Then a few years later, people could see many refrigerated trucks of FreshDirect all over the Manhattan streets. FreshDirect has proven their efficient operating strategies, and it led to success in the online grocery industry. Since FreshDirect made profits, there has been a movement toward this online grocery industry, and they are facing a few challenges. Today, FreshDirect is facing fierce competition from traditional retail grocery, local restaurants, and other online grocers with delivery services. People have consistently questioned how fresh the products delivered by FreshDirect are because they have a limitation for seeing and feeling the products as an online grocer. According to one article, FreshDirect spent $600,000 for parking tickets as part of their operating expenses (Moskin, 2005). In addition to that, in 2007, the New York City government required a congestion charge for FreshDirect because FreshDirect has contributed to traffic jam, and the increasing gas prices are adding to their delivery expenses. One major challenge for FreshDirect is environmental issues. People complain about their idling delivery trucks which are contributing to additional exhaust fumes and taking parking spaces. Another environmental issue is using too many cardboard boxes. Their choice of which neighborhoods to deliver to is related to accused discrimination, and they have faced union related problems for unfair wages. Analysis SWOT Analysis One analytical framework that can be used for the internal and external environment of FreshDirect is SWOT analysis. The analysis of the FreshDirect issues will be broken down into â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats† (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner & McNamara, 2012). Strengths Their wide choices of products with high-quality information on the foods that were sold Low operating expenses due to not renting expensive retail space. FreshDirect†™s efficient supply chain with no middleman. Low-cost marketing approach Cost-effective operating strategy of FreshDirect for their production facility. Extremely high standards for safety, health, and cleanliness in all areas. Strong partnerships with well-known chefs and restaurants in Manhattan Overall, FreshDirect has lots of strengths that are superior to competitors. They have provided various products to select with high quality at low cost on their well-designed website with high-quality information on the foods which are sold. With no retail location, they have lower operating expenses, resulting in more net revenues relative to traditional retail grocery businesses. Rather than having the middleman, they order all fresh products from individual suppliers and deliver directly to their customers. The less intermediaries between the distribution channel, the less the product costs. This allows FreshDirect to provide their high-quality goods at lower costs. They ha ve adopted a low-cost marketing approach by using a recommendation-based campaign from actual customers, which increases the credibility among new and existing customers. Their production facility is located close to their Manhattan customer base with 12 separate temperature zones and an SAP manufacturing software system, which have kept the best condition of their products at the optimal temperature. High standard for cleanliness leads to high quality products. Strong partnershisp have enhanced the quality and taste of the four-minute meal.